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ANATOMY
1. Gross Anatomy
Introduction to Anatomy, nomenclature, anatomical position, planes, tissues and movements.
I. Osteology
(a) Names of the bones of the body and their position; classification of the bones with examples; general features of the bone and normal development; microscopic anatomy of bone; general pattern of blood supply; ossification of the bones of the limbs for age determination. X-rays of bones.
(b) Process of repair of bone.
2. Muscular System
(a) Classification and identification of the muscles of the body: main attachments, nerve supply and action(s), microscopic anatomy of muscles and the nerve terminations.
(b) Details of attachments of the muscles; ultrastructural features of muscle; mechanism of the movement caused by the muscle/muscles and various forces exerted by them and their detailed action(s).
3. Arthrology
(a) Definition and classification of joints, general features of different types of joints; detailed study of major joints of the limbs and movements performed at various joints in the body.
(b) Microscopic anatomy of articular cartilage; maintenance of articular cartilages; blood supply and nerve supply of the joints.
4. Cardio Vascular System
(a) Normal position, external features and parts of the heart; internal features of the chambers of heart, names of the blood vessels and venous drainage of the organs, structures and body as a whole, conducting system of heart, fibroskeleton of heart.
(b) Variation(s), developmental anomalies of heart and blood vessels, valvular defects and their effects in pathogenesis of the anomalies.
5. Respiratory System
(a) Position, parts, relations, blood supply of upper and lower respiratory tract. Pleura, its reflection, nerve supply, pleural recesses and their significance, bronchopulmonary segments, their importance.
(b) Mechanism of respiration
6. Digestive System
(a) Position, extent, parts, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and sphincters of the gastrointestinal system.
(b) Sphincteric action including functional implications.
7. Genito-Urinary System
(a) Parts, position, relations, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of uterus, cervix, vagina, ovary, ovarian duct, testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, prostate, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra
(b) Innervation of urinary bladder in detail
8. Endocrine System and Individual Endocrine Glands
(a) Various endocrine glands, their location, relations, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.
(b) Clinical manifestations of common endocrine disorders.
9. Nervous System and its components
(a) Parts of nervous system, neuron meninges, nerve terminals, neuroglia, myelination, degeneration and regeneration, ventricles, CSF, spinal cord and its blood supply. Motor and sensory pathways, cranial nerves, thalamus, cerebellum, limbic and autonomic pathways. Functional cortical areas, motor and sensory cortex and their blood supply.
10. Special Sensory Organs
(a) Gross Anatomy of :
(i) eye ball, extra ocular muscles their nerve supply and actions (s)
(ii) ear
(iii) nose
4. Cardio Vascular System
(a) Normal position, external features and parts of the heart; internal features of the chambers of heart, names of the blood vessels and venous drainage of the organs, structures and body as a whole, conducting system of heart, fibroskeleton of heart.
(b) Variation(s), developmental anomalies of heart and blood vessels, valvular defects and their effects in pathogenesis of the anomalies.
5. Respiratory System
(a) Position, parts, relations, blood supply of upper and lower respiratory tract. Pleura, its reflection, nerve supply, pleural recesses and their significance, bronchopulmonary segments, their importance.
(b) Mechanism of respiration
6. Digestive System
(a) Position, extent, parts, relations, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and sphincters of the gastrointestinal system.
(b) Sphincteric action including functional implications.
7. Genito-Urinary System
(a) Parts, position, relations, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage of uterus, cervix, vagina, ovary, ovarian duct, testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, prostate, kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra
(b) Innervation of urinary bladder in detail
8. Endocrine System and Individual Endocrine Glands
(a) Various endocrine glands, their location, relations, blood supply, nerve supply and lymphatic drainage.
(b) Clinical manifestations of common endocrine disorders.
9. Nervous System and its components
(a) Parts of nervous system, neuron meninges, nerve terminals, neuroglia, myelination, degeneration and regeneration, ventricles, CSF, spinal cord and its blood supply. Motor and sensory pathways, cranial nerves, thalamus, cerebellum, limbic and autonomic pathways. Functional cortical areas, motor and sensory cortex and their blood supply.
10. Special Sensory Organs
(a) Gross Anatomy of :
(i) eye ball, extra ocular muscles their nerve supply and actions (s)
(ii) ear
(iii) nose
(iv) tongue, its musculature blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
11. Lymphatic System
(a) Location of the major groups of the lymphnodes of the body and their drainage areas. Gross anatomy of the major lymphatics specially thoracic duct and its tributaries.
12. Surface Anatomy
(a) Surface features of the body and projection of the outline of heart, its borders, surfaces and valves, lungs, their borders, fissures and hila, pleura, liver, kidneys and various abdominal and pelvic organs and important vessels and nerves
13. Cross Sectional Anatomy
Cross sections of thorax, abdomen and pelvis to understand the interrelationship of organs and structures.
II. Microanatomy
Microscope and basic principles of microscopy, commonly used stains, basophilic and acidophilic staining reactions and their significance. Commonly encountered artifacts. Brief principle of electron microscopy and interpretation of ultrastructural features.
GENERAL HISTOLOGY
Cell : detailed structure of cell and its components and their functional mechanisms.
Four primary tissues
Epithelium : Microscopic characteristics, types, functions, distribution, basal lamina, cell junctions, specialization of the cell surface and their structural details and functions; metaplasia.
Connective tissue : Cells, fibers and their structural features and functions. Intercellular substances, amorphous ground substance, types of connective tissue (loose areolar tissue, dense connective tissue) and their distribution. Specialized connective tissue : different types of cartilages and their functions and distribution. Bone : Cells, bone matrix, structural features of compact and cancellous bone, their distribution and functions, ossification, blood supply of a long bone.
Muscle : General features, detailed structure of : skeletal muscle, and molecular mechanisms of contraction, innvervation of skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction, morphological and histochemical basis of classification into type I and type II muscle fibers and their significance, structural and functional characteristics of cardiac and smooth muscle; innvervation of cardiac and smooth muscle.
Nervous tissue : Structural characteristics of a neuron, axon and dendrties. Different types of neurons and their specific structural and functional features and distribution. Axonal transport, synapse, morphological and functional characteristics of different types of synapses. Neuroglia : types, structure and functions, blood brain barrier. Brief cytoarchitecture of the central nervous system, regeneration in CNS with particular emphasis on stem cells. Sensory and autonomic ganglia, peripheral nerves, myelin and myelination, degeneration and regeneration in peripheral nerves.
Histology of various organs/organ systems
11. Lymphatic System
(a) Location of the major groups of the lymphnodes of the body and their drainage areas. Gross anatomy of the major lymphatics specially thoracic duct and its tributaries.
12. Surface Anatomy
(a) Surface features of the body and projection of the outline of heart, its borders, surfaces and valves, lungs, their borders, fissures and hila, pleura, liver, kidneys and various abdominal and pelvic organs and important vessels and nerves
13. Cross Sectional Anatomy
Cross sections of thorax, abdomen and pelvis to understand the interrelationship of organs and structures.
II. Microanatomy
Microscope and basic principles of microscopy, commonly used stains, basophilic and acidophilic staining reactions and their significance. Commonly encountered artifacts. Brief principle of electron microscopy and interpretation of ultrastructural features.
GENERAL HISTOLOGY
Cell : detailed structure of cell and its components and their functional mechanisms.
Four primary tissues
Epithelium : Microscopic characteristics, types, functions, distribution, basal lamina, cell junctions, specialization of the cell surface and their structural details and functions; metaplasia.
Connective tissue : Cells, fibers and their structural features and functions. Intercellular substances, amorphous ground substance, types of connective tissue (loose areolar tissue, dense connective tissue) and their distribution. Specialized connective tissue : different types of cartilages and their functions and distribution. Bone : Cells, bone matrix, structural features of compact and cancellous bone, their distribution and functions, ossification, blood supply of a long bone.
Muscle : General features, detailed structure of : skeletal muscle, and molecular mechanisms of contraction, innvervation of skeletal muscle, neuromuscular junction, morphological and histochemical basis of classification into type I and type II muscle fibers and their significance, structural and functional characteristics of cardiac and smooth muscle; innvervation of cardiac and smooth muscle.
Nervous tissue : Structural characteristics of a neuron, axon and dendrties. Different types of neurons and their specific structural and functional features and distribution. Axonal transport, synapse, morphological and functional characteristics of different types of synapses. Neuroglia : types, structure and functions, blood brain barrier. Brief cytoarchitecture of the central nervous system, regeneration in CNS with particular emphasis on stem cells. Sensory and autonomic ganglia, peripheral nerves, myelin and myelination, degeneration and regeneration in peripheral nerves.
Histology of various organs/organ systems
Exocrine glands : Characteristics, simple and compound glands; types of secretions, modes of secretion, detailed structural features of a serous secreting cell and mucous secreting cell, serous and mucous acini, duct system, features of salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, sweat and sebaceous glands, mammary gland, bulbourethral gland etc.
Circulatory system : Structural features of heart; conducting and distributing arteries and arterioles; types of capillaries, their structural features and distribution and microcirculation, detailed structure of endothelium; structural characteristics of large and small veins and venules arterio-venous shunts, lymphatics.
Respiratory system : Structural features of nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, principal brochi, lung including intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, atria, alveoli, blood-air-barrier. Functions of different parts of respiratory system.
Skin and nerve-end-organs : Thick, thin and hairy skin, cell renewal and pigmentation of skin, skin appendages, healing of skin wounds, sensory receptors of skin. Functions of skin.
Immune system and lymphoid organs : Lymphocytes, their subtypes and functions. Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and other mucous associated lymphoid follicles.
Digestive system (GIT) : General organization, oral cavity, lip, cheek, tongue, taste buds, associated salivary glands. Layers of tubular digestive tract, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gastroesophageal junction, gastroduodenal junction, large intestine, anal canal and rectoanal junction. Liver, internal organization of liver, liver lobule, liver acinus, significance of zonation in liver acinus, liver sinusoids, detailed structure of hapatocyet, bile canaliculi, bile ducts, gall bladder, bile duct and pancreas.
Endocrine glands : Thyroid, parathyroid, Islets of Langerhan’s gland, adrenal cortex and medulla, their structural details, functional mechanisms, hypophysis cerebri, cell types secretion and their functions, hypophyseal portal circulation, common endocrine disorders
Urinary system : Detailed microscopic structure of kidney, cortex, medulla, pyramids, medullary rays, cortical columns, glomerulus, nephron, glomerular filtration juxtaglomerular apparatus, its structural features and functions, renal interstitium, collecting ducts, renal sinus, minor and major calyces, microcirculation of kidney, histophysiology of the kidney, renal pelvis and ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Female reproductive system : Ovary, ovarian stroma, primary and secondary graafian follicles, functions of various constitutents and structural details of graafian follicles, atretic follicles, corpuluteum and its functions, corpus albicans. Oviducts, uterus, arterial supply of uterus, cyclic changes in uterine endometrium, fertilization, vagina, female external ganitalia and mammary glands.
Male reproductive system : Testes, spermatogenesis, spermatozoon, cycle of seminiferous epithelium, sertoli cells, interstitial tissue Leydig cells, histophysiology of testes, epididymus, vas deferns, prostrate, seminal vesicles, penis.
III. Embryology
III. A General Embryology
(a) Definition of embryology; gestation period: definition of gamete sperm, Ovum; gametogenesis, migration of primordial germ cells into gonadal ridge; spermatogenesis; structure of sperm, oogenesis; structure of ovum; growth of ovarian follicles, ovarian and uterine cycles.
Circulatory system : Structural features of heart; conducting and distributing arteries and arterioles; types of capillaries, their structural features and distribution and microcirculation, detailed structure of endothelium; structural characteristics of large and small veins and venules arterio-venous shunts, lymphatics.
Respiratory system : Structural features of nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, principal brochi, lung including intrapulmonary bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, atria, alveoli, blood-air-barrier. Functions of different parts of respiratory system.
Skin and nerve-end-organs : Thick, thin and hairy skin, cell renewal and pigmentation of skin, skin appendages, healing of skin wounds, sensory receptors of skin. Functions of skin.
Immune system and lymphoid organs : Lymphocytes, their subtypes and functions. Humoral and cell mediated immunity. Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and other mucous associated lymphoid follicles.
Digestive system (GIT) : General organization, oral cavity, lip, cheek, tongue, taste buds, associated salivary glands. Layers of tubular digestive tract, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gastroesophageal junction, gastroduodenal junction, large intestine, anal canal and rectoanal junction. Liver, internal organization of liver, liver lobule, liver acinus, significance of zonation in liver acinus, liver sinusoids, detailed structure of hapatocyet, bile canaliculi, bile ducts, gall bladder, bile duct and pancreas.
Endocrine glands : Thyroid, parathyroid, Islets of Langerhan’s gland, adrenal cortex and medulla, their structural details, functional mechanisms, hypophysis cerebri, cell types secretion and their functions, hypophyseal portal circulation, common endocrine disorders
Urinary system : Detailed microscopic structure of kidney, cortex, medulla, pyramids, medullary rays, cortical columns, glomerulus, nephron, glomerular filtration juxtaglomerular apparatus, its structural features and functions, renal interstitium, collecting ducts, renal sinus, minor and major calyces, microcirculation of kidney, histophysiology of the kidney, renal pelvis and ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
Female reproductive system : Ovary, ovarian stroma, primary and secondary graafian follicles, functions of various constitutents and structural details of graafian follicles, atretic follicles, corpuluteum and its functions, corpus albicans. Oviducts, uterus, arterial supply of uterus, cyclic changes in uterine endometrium, fertilization, vagina, female external ganitalia and mammary glands.
Male reproductive system : Testes, spermatogenesis, spermatozoon, cycle of seminiferous epithelium, sertoli cells, interstitial tissue Leydig cells, histophysiology of testes, epididymus, vas deferns, prostrate, seminal vesicles, penis.
III. Embryology
III. A General Embryology
(a) Definition of embryology; gestation period: definition of gamete sperm, Ovum; gametogenesis, migration of primordial germ cells into gonadal ridge; spermatogenesis; structure of sperm, oogenesis; structure of ovum; growth of ovarian follicles, ovarian and uterine cycles.
(b) Sperm in the male genital tract; sperm in the female genital tract, activation and capacitation of sperm in the female genital tract.
(c) First Week of Development
Definition and normal site and process of fertilisation, formation of zygote, cleavage division; formation of morula and blastocyst.
(d) Second Week of Development
Differentiation of embryoblast and trophoblast; changes in the embryoblast formation of bilainar germ disc; changes in the trophoblast; formation of cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, amniotic membrane, yolk sac, extra embryonic mesoderm and extra embryonic coelom and connecting stalk; formation of chorion, amniotic cavity, primary yolk sac cavity appearance of prochordal plate. Implantation; formation of decidua, types of implantation and abnormal sites of implantation
(e) Third Week of Development
Appearance of primitive streak and primitive node; formation of intraembroynic mesoderm resulting in trilaminar germ disc; gastrulation formation of notochord, buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes, paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm, secondary yolk sac, intraembryonic coelom and allantoic diverticulum; derivatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
(f) Fourth To Eighth week of Development (Embryonic period)
Formation of somites, neural tube, cephalocaudal folding, lateral foldings, body form, stomodeum, proctodeum, gut and vitelline duct; subdivisions of gut into foregut, midgut and hindgut.
Development from third month to birth (Fetal period)
(g) Maturation of tissues and organs and rapid growth of body.
(h) Estimation of age.
Placenta
(i) Formation of placenta and chorionic villi, decidua basalis; features and functions of placenta; placental circulation; abnormalities; placental barrier; placentome, types of placenta.
Umbilical Cord
(j) Formation of umbilical cord; features of umbilical cord.
Amniotic Cavity
(k) Amniotic cavity and membrane; amniotic fluid – functions, expansions of amniotic cavity and fusion with chorion; chorion laeve with decidua capsularis; decidua capsularis with parietalis; obliteration of chorionic and uterine cavities; function of fused foetal membranes to dilate cervical canal.
(l) Abnormalities; obliteration of chorionic and uterine cavities; abnormalities of chorion.
(m) Formation of twins and types of twins.
(n) Arrangement of foetal membranes. Conjoined twins.
Teratology
(o) Genetical and environmental factors as causative factors for congenital malformations.
(p) Mode of actions of teratogenes and critical periods.
(c) First Week of Development
Definition and normal site and process of fertilisation, formation of zygote, cleavage division; formation of morula and blastocyst.
(d) Second Week of Development
Differentiation of embryoblast and trophoblast; changes in the embryoblast formation of bilainar germ disc; changes in the trophoblast; formation of cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, amniotic membrane, yolk sac, extra embryonic mesoderm and extra embryonic coelom and connecting stalk; formation of chorion, amniotic cavity, primary yolk sac cavity appearance of prochordal plate. Implantation; formation of decidua, types of implantation and abnormal sites of implantation
(e) Third Week of Development
Appearance of primitive streak and primitive node; formation of intraembroynic mesoderm resulting in trilaminar germ disc; gastrulation formation of notochord, buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes, paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm, secondary yolk sac, intraembryonic coelom and allantoic diverticulum; derivatives of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
(f) Fourth To Eighth week of Development (Embryonic period)
Formation of somites, neural tube, cephalocaudal folding, lateral foldings, body form, stomodeum, proctodeum, gut and vitelline duct; subdivisions of gut into foregut, midgut and hindgut.
Development from third month to birth (Fetal period)
(g) Maturation of tissues and organs and rapid growth of body.
(h) Estimation of age.
Placenta
(i) Formation of placenta and chorionic villi, decidua basalis; features and functions of placenta; placental circulation; abnormalities; placental barrier; placentome, types of placenta.
Umbilical Cord
(j) Formation of umbilical cord; features of umbilical cord.
Amniotic Cavity
(k) Amniotic cavity and membrane; amniotic fluid – functions, expansions of amniotic cavity and fusion with chorion; chorion laeve with decidua capsularis; decidua capsularis with parietalis; obliteration of chorionic and uterine cavities; function of fused foetal membranes to dilate cervical canal.
(l) Abnormalities; obliteration of chorionic and uterine cavities; abnormalities of chorion.
(m) Formation of twins and types of twins.
(n) Arrangement of foetal membranes. Conjoined twins.
Teratology
(o) Genetical and environmental factors as causative factors for congenital malformations.
(p) Mode of actions of teratogenes and critical periods.
III.B Systemic Embryology
(a) Development of the individual organs of digestive system, genital system, urinary system,, respiratory system, cardiovascular system. Nervous system, special sensory organs, endocrine glands and mammary gland.
(b) Developmental abnormalities of individual organs/systems, pathogenesis of the anomalies.
(c) Histogenesis of various organs.
(d) Development of skeletal system, muscular system and derivatives of coelomic cavaties
(e) Development of face and the pharyngeal arches and the associated congenital anomalies.
III.C Human Genetics
(a) Cell, cell division, mitosis and meiosis, nucleus, DNA, chromosomes, classification, karyotype, chromosomal aberrations (Klinefelter, Turner and Down’s Syndrome) Prenatal diagnosis for congenital abnormalities, sex determination.
(b) Pedigree chart, pathogenesis of chromosomal aberrations and their effects, recombinant DNA, genetic inheritance, genetic counselling, inborn errors of metabolism.
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Physiology)
Describe the structure and functions of a neuron and neuroglia; Discuss Nerve Growth Factor & other growth factors/cytokines
Describe the different types of muscle fibres and their structure
Describe muscular dystrophy: myopathies
Describe the structure and functions of digestive system
Describe the functional Anatomy of heart including chambers, sounds; and Pacemaker tissue and conducting system.
Describe abnormal ECG, arrythmias, heart block and myocardial Infarction
Describe and discuss sex determination; sex differentiation and their abnormities and outline psychiatry and practical implication of sex determination.
Describe and discuss the organization of nervous system
Describe and discuss the functions and properties of synapse, reflex, receptors
Describe and discuss somatic sensations & sensory tracts
Describe and discuss motor tracts, mechanism of maintenance of tone, control of body movements, posture and equilibrium & vestibular apparatus
Describe and discuss structure and functions of reticular activating system, autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Describe and discuss Spinal cord, its functions, lesion & sensory disturbances
Describe and discuss functions of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and limbic system and their abnormalities
Demonstrate the correct clinical examination of the nervous system: Higher functions, Sensory system, motor system, reflexes, Cranial Nerves in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Biochemistry)
Describe the functions of the kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands
Describe the tests that are commonly done in clinical practice to assess the functions of these organs (kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands).
Describe the abnormalities of kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory findings, distinguishing features progression and complications of acute and chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy
Classify and describe the types, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and hormonal dependency of benign breast disease
Enumerate, classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and iodine dependency of thyroid swellings
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and morphologic features of adrenal neoplasms
Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and morphologic features and complications of osteomyelitis
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Forensic Medicine & Toxicology)
Describe and discuss signs of intrauterine death, signs of live birth, viability of foetus, age determination of foetus, DOAP session of ossification centres, Hydrostatic test, Sudden infants death syndrome and Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy.
Identification
Define and describe Corpus Delicti, establishment of identity of living persons including race, Sex, religion, complexion, stature, age determination using morphology, teeth-eruption, decay, bite marks, bones ossification centres, medico-legal aspects of age.
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Anesthesiology)
Describe the Anatomy of the airway and its implications for general anaesthesia
Describe the correlative Anatomy of the brachial plexus, subarachnoid and epidural spaces
Observe and describe the principles and steps/ techniques involved in peripheral nerve blocks
Describe the anatomical correlates and physiologic principles of pain
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + ENT)
Describe the Human Anatomy & physiology of ear, nose, throat, head & neck.
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Ophthalmology)
Enumerate the causes, describe and discuss the aetiology, clinical presentations and diagnostic features of common conditions of the lid and adnexa including Hordeolum externum/ internum, blepharitis, preseptal cellulitis, dacryocystitis, hemangioma, dermoid, ptosis, entropion, lid lag, lagopthalmos
Enumerate describe and discuss the types and causes of corneal ulceration
Enumerate and discuss the aetiology, the clinical distinguishing features of various glaucomas associated with shallow and deep anterior chamber. Choose appropriate investigations and treatment for patients with above conditions.
Describe the surgical anatomy and the metabolism of the lens
Discuss the aetiology, pathology, clinical features and management of vascular occlusions of the retina
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Dentistry)
Enumerate the parts of the tooth
Enumerate the parts of the tooth and supporting structures
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + General Medicine)
Define discuss describe and distinguish community acquired pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia
Demonstrate in a mannequin the correct technique for performing breast exam, rectal examination and cervical examination and pap smear
Define and classify headache and describe the presenting features, precipitating factors, aggravating and relieving factors of various kinds of headache
Describe the functional and the vascular anatomy of the brain
Describe the functional anatomy of the locomotor system of the brain
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Describe and discuss the development and anatomy of the female reproductive tract, relationship to other pelvic organs, applied anatomy as related to Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
Describe and discuss the basic embryology of fetus , factors influencing fetal growth and development, anatomy and physiology of placenta, and teratogenesis
Enumerate and discuss the diameters of maternal pelvis and types
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + General Surgery)
Describe the etiology and classification of cleft lip and palate
Describe the Principles of reconstruction of cleft lip and palate
Describe the Applied anatomy, and physiology of thyroid
Describe the applied anatomy of parathyroid.
Describe the applied anatomy of adrenal glands
Describe the clinical features, principles of investigation, prognosis and management of pancreatitis.
Describe applied anatomy appropriate investigations for breast disease
Describe the clinical features, investigations and principles of management of congenital anomalies of Genitourinary system.
Describe the applied anatomy and physiology of esophagus
Describe the applied anatomy and physiology of stomach.
Describe the applied anatomy of liver. Describe the Clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of Liver abscess, hydatid disease, Injuries and Tumors of the liver.
Describe the applied anatomy of Spleen. Describe the clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of splenic injuries.
Describe the Post-splenectomy sepsis- prophylaxis.
Describe the applied anatomy of biliary system. Describe the clinical features, investigations and principles of management of diseases of biliary system.
Describe the applied anatomy of small and large intestines
Describe applied anatomy including congenital anomalies of the rectum and anal canal
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Undescended testis.
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Epidydimo-orchitis
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Varicocele
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Hydrocele
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Orthopaedics)
Describe and discuss the mechanism of Injury, clinical features, investigations and plan management of fracture of clavicle
Describe and discuss the mechanism of Injury, clinical features, investigations and plan management of fractures of proximal humerus
Describe and discuss the mechanism of Injury, clinical features, investigations and plan management of supra condylar fracture of humerus
Describe and discuss the mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of fracture of shaft of humerus and intercondylar fracture humerus with emphasis on
neurovasular deficit
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, mechanism of injury, investigation & principles of management of fractures of both bones forearm and Galeazzi and Monteggia injury
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of fractures of distal radius
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of pelvic injuries with emphasis on hemodynamic instability
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of spine injuries
with emphasisi on mobilisation of the patient
Describe and discuss the mechanism of injury, Clinical features, investigations and principle of management of acetabular fracture
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of fractures of proximal femur
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of (a) Fracture patella (b) Fracture distal femur © Fracture proximal tibia with special focus on neurovascular injury and compartment syndrome
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, Investigation and principles of management of Fracture shaft of femur in all age groups and the recognition and management of fat embolism as a complication
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, Investigation and principles of management of:
(a) Fracture both bones leg
(b) Calcaneus
(c) Small bones of foot
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, Investigation and principles of management of ankle fractures
Plan and interpret the investigations to diagnose complications of fractures like malunion, non-union, infection, compartmental syndrome
Describe and discuss the mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of open fractures with focus on secondary infection, prevention and management
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of peripheral nerve injuries in diseases like foot drop, wrist drop, claw hand, palsies of Radial, Ulnar, Median, Lateral Popliteal and Sciatic Nerves
Describe and discuss the Clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of Congenital and acquired malformations and deformities of:
a. limbs and spine - Scoliosis and spinal bifida
b. Congenital dislocation of Hip,Torticollis,
c. congenital talipes equino varus
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation)
Describe the causes of disability in the patient with a cerebrovascular accident
Describe and discuss the clinical features, types, evaluation, diagnosis
and management of cerebral palsy
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Pediatrics)
Discuss the genetic basis, risk factors, complications, prenatal diagnosis,
management and genetic counselling in Down’s Syndrome
(a) Development of the individual organs of digestive system, genital system, urinary system,, respiratory system, cardiovascular system. Nervous system, special sensory organs, endocrine glands and mammary gland.
(b) Developmental abnormalities of individual organs/systems, pathogenesis of the anomalies.
(c) Histogenesis of various organs.
(d) Development of skeletal system, muscular system and derivatives of coelomic cavaties
(e) Development of face and the pharyngeal arches and the associated congenital anomalies.
III.C Human Genetics
(a) Cell, cell division, mitosis and meiosis, nucleus, DNA, chromosomes, classification, karyotype, chromosomal aberrations (Klinefelter, Turner and Down’s Syndrome) Prenatal diagnosis for congenital abnormalities, sex determination.
(b) Pedigree chart, pathogenesis of chromosomal aberrations and their effects, recombinant DNA, genetic inheritance, genetic counselling, inborn errors of metabolism.
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Physiology)
Describe the structure and functions of a neuron and neuroglia; Discuss Nerve Growth Factor & other growth factors/cytokines
Describe the different types of muscle fibres and their structure
Describe muscular dystrophy: myopathies
Describe the structure and functions of digestive system
Describe the functional Anatomy of heart including chambers, sounds; and Pacemaker tissue and conducting system.
Describe abnormal ECG, arrythmias, heart block and myocardial Infarction
Describe and discuss sex determination; sex differentiation and their abnormities and outline psychiatry and practical implication of sex determination.
Describe and discuss the organization of nervous system
Describe and discuss the functions and properties of synapse, reflex, receptors
Describe and discuss somatic sensations & sensory tracts
Describe and discuss motor tracts, mechanism of maintenance of tone, control of body movements, posture and equilibrium & vestibular apparatus
Describe and discuss structure and functions of reticular activating system, autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Describe and discuss Spinal cord, its functions, lesion & sensory disturbances
Describe and discuss functions of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum and limbic system and their abnormalities
Demonstrate the correct clinical examination of the nervous system: Higher functions, Sensory system, motor system, reflexes, Cranial Nerves in a normal volunteer or simulated environment
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Biochemistry)
Describe the functions of the kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands
Describe the tests that are commonly done in clinical practice to assess the functions of these organs (kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands).
Describe the abnormalities of kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, laboratory findings, distinguishing features progression and complications of acute and chronic pyelonephritis and reflux nephropathy
Classify and describe the types, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and hormonal dependency of benign breast disease
Enumerate, classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and iodine dependency of thyroid swellings
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and morphologic features of adrenal neoplasms
Classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, radiologic and morphologic features and complications of osteomyelitis
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Forensic Medicine & Toxicology)
Describe and discuss signs of intrauterine death, signs of live birth, viability of foetus, age determination of foetus, DOAP session of ossification centres, Hydrostatic test, Sudden infants death syndrome and Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy.
Identification
Define and describe Corpus Delicti, establishment of identity of living persons including race, Sex, religion, complexion, stature, age determination using morphology, teeth-eruption, decay, bite marks, bones ossification centres, medico-legal aspects of age.
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Anesthesiology)
Describe the Anatomy of the airway and its implications for general anaesthesia
Describe the correlative Anatomy of the brachial plexus, subarachnoid and epidural spaces
Observe and describe the principles and steps/ techniques involved in peripheral nerve blocks
Describe the anatomical correlates and physiologic principles of pain
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + ENT)
Describe the Human Anatomy & physiology of ear, nose, throat, head & neck.
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Ophthalmology)
Enumerate the causes, describe and discuss the aetiology, clinical presentations and diagnostic features of common conditions of the lid and adnexa including Hordeolum externum/ internum, blepharitis, preseptal cellulitis, dacryocystitis, hemangioma, dermoid, ptosis, entropion, lid lag, lagopthalmos
Enumerate describe and discuss the types and causes of corneal ulceration
Enumerate and discuss the aetiology, the clinical distinguishing features of various glaucomas associated with shallow and deep anterior chamber. Choose appropriate investigations and treatment for patients with above conditions.
Describe the surgical anatomy and the metabolism of the lens
Discuss the aetiology, pathology, clinical features and management of vascular occlusions of the retina
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Dentistry)
Enumerate the parts of the tooth
Enumerate the parts of the tooth and supporting structures
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + General Medicine)
Define discuss describe and distinguish community acquired pneumonia, nosocomial pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia
Demonstrate in a mannequin the correct technique for performing breast exam, rectal examination and cervical examination and pap smear
Define and classify headache and describe the presenting features, precipitating factors, aggravating and relieving factors of various kinds of headache
Describe the functional and the vascular anatomy of the brain
Describe the functional anatomy of the locomotor system of the brain
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Describe and discuss the development and anatomy of the female reproductive tract, relationship to other pelvic organs, applied anatomy as related to Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
Describe and discuss the basic embryology of fetus , factors influencing fetal growth and development, anatomy and physiology of placenta, and teratogenesis
Enumerate and discuss the diameters of maternal pelvis and types
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + General Surgery)
Describe the etiology and classification of cleft lip and palate
Describe the Principles of reconstruction of cleft lip and palate
Describe the Applied anatomy, and physiology of thyroid
Describe the applied anatomy of parathyroid.
Describe the applied anatomy of adrenal glands
Describe the clinical features, principles of investigation, prognosis and management of pancreatitis.
Describe applied anatomy appropriate investigations for breast disease
Describe the clinical features, investigations and principles of management of congenital anomalies of Genitourinary system.
Describe the applied anatomy and physiology of esophagus
Describe the applied anatomy and physiology of stomach.
Describe the applied anatomy of liver. Describe the Clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of Liver abscess, hydatid disease, Injuries and Tumors of the liver.
Describe the applied anatomy of Spleen. Describe the clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of splenic injuries.
Describe the Post-splenectomy sepsis- prophylaxis.
Describe the applied anatomy of biliary system. Describe the clinical features, investigations and principles of management of diseases of biliary system.
Describe the applied anatomy of small and large intestines
Describe applied anatomy including congenital anomalies of the rectum and anal canal
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Undescended testis.
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Epidydimo-orchitis
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Varicocele
Describe the applied anatomy, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of Hydrocele
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Orthopaedics)
Describe and discuss the mechanism of Injury, clinical features, investigations and plan management of fracture of clavicle
Describe and discuss the mechanism of Injury, clinical features, investigations and plan management of fractures of proximal humerus
Describe and discuss the mechanism of Injury, clinical features, investigations and plan management of supra condylar fracture of humerus
Describe and discuss the mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of fracture of shaft of humerus and intercondylar fracture humerus with emphasis on
neurovasular deficit
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, mechanism of injury, investigation & principles of management of fractures of both bones forearm and Galeazzi and Monteggia injury
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of fractures of distal radius
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of pelvic injuries with emphasis on hemodynamic instability
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of spine injuries
with emphasisi on mobilisation of the patient
Describe and discuss the mechanism of injury, Clinical features, investigations and principle of management of acetabular fracture
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of fractures of proximal femur
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of (a) Fracture patella (b) Fracture distal femur © Fracture proximal tibia with special focus on neurovascular injury and compartment syndrome
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, Investigation and principles of management of Fracture shaft of femur in all age groups and the recognition and management of fat embolism as a complication
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, Investigation and principles of management of:
(a) Fracture both bones leg
(b) Calcaneus
(c) Small bones of foot
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, Investigation and principles of management of ankle fractures
Plan and interpret the investigations to diagnose complications of fractures like malunion, non-union, infection, compartmental syndrome
Describe and discuss the mechanism of injury, clinical features, investigations and principles of management of open fractures with focus on secondary infection, prevention and management
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of peripheral nerve injuries in diseases like foot drop, wrist drop, claw hand, palsies of Radial, Ulnar, Median, Lateral Popliteal and Sciatic Nerves
Describe and discuss the Clinical features, Investigations and principles of management of Congenital and acquired malformations and deformities of:
a. limbs and spine - Scoliosis and spinal bifida
b. Congenital dislocation of Hip,Torticollis,
c. congenital talipes equino varus
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation)
Describe the causes of disability in the patient with a cerebrovascular accident
Describe and discuss the clinical features, types, evaluation, diagnosis
and management of cerebral palsy
INTEGRATED (Anatomy + Pediatrics)
Discuss the genetic basis, risk factors, complications, prenatal diagnosis,
management and genetic counselling in Down’s Syndrome
<< GO BACK TO SUBJECTS
PHYSIOLOGY
Nerve–Muscle
1. Physicochemical properties of cell membrane
2. Cell membrane: permeability & transport
3. Principles of bioelectricity
4. Genesis of resting membrane potential
5. Action potential
6. Properties of nerve-fibres
7. Functional anatomy of neuromuscular junction
8. Neuromuscular transmission
9. Muscle proteins – (Biochemistry)
10. Excitation – contraction coupling
11. Contraction kinetics of skeletal muscles
12. Smooth muscle
13. Injury & repair of nerves and muscles
14. Energetics of nerve & muscle
15. Work Physiology
Blood
1. Functions of plasma proteins
2. Principles of hemopoiesis
3. Regulation of erythropoiesis
4. Destruction of red cells: Jaundice
1. Anemia
5. Regulation of WBC production
6. Functions of WBC
7. Functions of platelets
8. Hemostasis
9. Blood groups
10. Physiological basis of transfusion medicine
Respiratory System
1. Introduction to respiratory system
2. Lung volumes and capacities
3. Mechanics of respiration – I
4. Mechanics of respiration – II
5. Composition of respired air: pulmonary ventilation
6. Exchange of gases in the lungs
7. Ventilation – perfusion ratio
8. O2 carriage, O2–dissociation curve
9. CO2 carriage, CO2–dissociation curve
10. Neural regulation of respiration
11. Chemical regulation of respiration
12. Hypoxia, cyanosis and dyspnoea
13. Special features of pulmonary circulation
14. Artificial respiration Artificial respiration
15. Therapeutic use of oxygen.
Cardiovascular System
1. Introduction to CVS
2. Properties of cardiac muscle
3. Action potential and spread of impulse in the heart
4. E-C coupling in the myocardium
5. ECG
6. Pressure changes in the heart. Cardiac cycle
7. Functional basis of heart sounds and murmurs
8. Neural regulation of cardiac activity
9. Regulation of heart rate
10. Intrinsic regulation of heart’s action. Cardiac output
11. Cardiac output: measurement and regulation
12. Nutrition and metabolism of heart
13. Exercise physiology
14. General principles of hemodynamics
15. Cardiovascular reflexes
16. Neural control of circulation
17. Special features of cerebral circulation
18. Special features of circulation in skeletal muscles and skin
Gastrointestinal System
1. Introduction to G.I. Physiology: general organization of G.I. tract
2. Mastication and deglutition
4. Mechanics of respiration – II
5. Composition of respired air: pulmonary ventilation
6. Exchange of gases in the lungs
7. Ventilation – perfusion ratio
8. O2 carriage, O2–dissociation curve
9. CO2 carriage, CO2–dissociation curve
10. Neural regulation of respiration
11. Chemical regulation of respiration
12. Hypoxia, cyanosis and dyspnoea
13. Special features of pulmonary circulation
14. Artificial respiration Artificial respiration
15. Therapeutic use of oxygen.
Cardiovascular System
1. Introduction to CVS
2. Properties of cardiac muscle
3. Action potential and spread of impulse in the heart
4. E-C coupling in the myocardium
5. ECG
6. Pressure changes in the heart. Cardiac cycle
7. Functional basis of heart sounds and murmurs
8. Neural regulation of cardiac activity
9. Regulation of heart rate
10. Intrinsic regulation of heart’s action. Cardiac output
11. Cardiac output: measurement and regulation
12. Nutrition and metabolism of heart
13. Exercise physiology
14. General principles of hemodynamics
15. Cardiovascular reflexes
16. Neural control of circulation
17. Special features of cerebral circulation
18. Special features of circulation in skeletal muscles and skin
Gastrointestinal System
1. Introduction to G.I. Physiology: general organization of G.I. tract
2. Mastication and deglutition
3. Gastric secretion
4. Regulation of gastric secretion
5. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer
6. Biliary and pancreatic secretions
7. Physiology of colon
8. Pathophysiology of diarrheal disease
Nutrition
1. Introduction to nutrition. RMR
2. Carbohydrates and dietary fiber
3. Proteins
4. Fats
5. Recommended dietary allowances
6. Diet during pregnancy and lactation
7. Diet during infancy and childhood
Environmental Physiology
1. Introduction to environmental physiology
2. Body temperature regulation
3. Man in cold environment
4. Man in hot environment
5. Hypothermia and its clinical applications
6. Physiological responses to high attitude
7. Physiological responses to high atmospheric pressure
Reproduction
1. Introduction to reproductive system
2. Male reproductive physiology
3. Female reproductive physiology
4. Hypothalamic – pituitary – gonadal axis
5. Puberty
6. Pregnancy
7. Parturition and lactation
8. Reproductive ageing
Kidney
1. Renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration
2. Renal tubular function – I
4. Regulation of gastric secretion
5. Pathophysiology of peptic ulcer
6. Biliary and pancreatic secretions
7. Physiology of colon
8. Pathophysiology of diarrheal disease
Nutrition
1. Introduction to nutrition. RMR
2. Carbohydrates and dietary fiber
3. Proteins
4. Fats
5. Recommended dietary allowances
6. Diet during pregnancy and lactation
7. Diet during infancy and childhood
Environmental Physiology
1. Introduction to environmental physiology
2. Body temperature regulation
3. Man in cold environment
4. Man in hot environment
5. Hypothermia and its clinical applications
6. Physiological responses to high attitude
7. Physiological responses to high atmospheric pressure
Reproduction
1. Introduction to reproductive system
2. Male reproductive physiology
3. Female reproductive physiology
4. Hypothalamic – pituitary – gonadal axis
5. Puberty
6. Pregnancy
7. Parturition and lactation
8. Reproductive ageing
Kidney
1. Renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration
2. Renal tubular function – I
3. Renal tubular function – II
4. Regulation of renal function
5. Physiological basis of renal function tests
6. Micturition
Neurophysiology
General
1. Introduction to neurophysiology I
2. Introduction to neurophysiology II
3. CSF
4. Neuroglial cells
5. Synaptic transmission
6. Properties of synaptic transmission
7. Neurotransmitters
Sensory system
1. Coding of sensory information
2. Functional organization of ascending sensory pathways
3. Thalamus
4. Sensory cortex
5. Perception of sensory stimuli
6. Physiology of pain
Motor system
1. Characteristics and properties of reflexes
2. Functional organization of motor system – I
3. Functional organization of motor system – II
4. Brain stem reflexes, stretch reflexes and tendon reflexes
5. Basal ganglia
6. Cerebellum
7. Vestibular neck reflexes: maintenance of equilibrium
8. Localizing the level of lesion in neurological disease
Visceral and motivational system
1. Autonomic nervous system
2. Hypothalamus
3. Limbic system and emotions
4. Regulation of renal function
5. Physiological basis of renal function tests
6. Micturition
Neurophysiology
General
1. Introduction to neurophysiology I
2. Introduction to neurophysiology II
3. CSF
4. Neuroglial cells
5. Synaptic transmission
6. Properties of synaptic transmission
7. Neurotransmitters
Sensory system
1. Coding of sensory information
2. Functional organization of ascending sensory pathways
3. Thalamus
4. Sensory cortex
5. Perception of sensory stimuli
6. Physiology of pain
Motor system
1. Characteristics and properties of reflexes
2. Functional organization of motor system – I
3. Functional organization of motor system – II
4. Brain stem reflexes, stretch reflexes and tendon reflexes
5. Basal ganglia
6. Cerebellum
7. Vestibular neck reflexes: maintenance of equilibrium
8. Localizing the level of lesion in neurological disease
Visceral and motivational system
1. Autonomic nervous system
2. Hypothalamus
3. Limbic system and emotions
EEG, sleep and higher nervous functions
1. Electroencephalography
2. Sleep and wakefulness
3. Learning and memory – I
4. Learning and memory – II
5. Speech
Special Senses
1. Functional anatomy of eye
2. Functions of retina: photoreception
3. Functions of retina: colour vision and electroretinography
4. Central mechanisms of vision and visual perception
5. Functional anatomy of ear: impedance matching
6. Organ of Corti: peripheral auditory mechanism
7. Auditory pathway
8. Central auditory mechanism and auditory perception
9. Olfaction
10. Physiology of taste
Yoga
1. Introduction to yoga
2. The yogic practices
3. Meditation: principles and practice
4. Physiological effects of yoga
5. Yoga in health and disease
INTEGRATED Physiology
Describe and discuss mechanism of temperature regulation
Describe and discuss adaptation to altered temperature (heat and cold)
Describe and discuss mechanism of fever, cold injuries and heat stroke
Describe and discuss cardio-respiratory and metabolic adjustments during exercise; physical training effects
Describe and discuss physiological consequences of sedentary lifestyle
Describe physiology of Infancy
Describe and discuss physiology of aging; free radicals and antioxidants
Discuss & compare cardio-respiratory changes in exercise (isometric and isotonic) with that in the resting state and under different environmental conditions (heat and cold)
Interpret growth charts
Interpret anthropometric assessment of infants
Discuss the concept, criteria for diagnosis of Brain death and its implications
Discuss the physiological effects of meditation
Obtain history and perform general examination in the volunteer / simulated environment
Demonstrate Basic Life Support in a simulated environment
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Anatomy)
Classify muscle tissue according to structure & action
Differentiate between blood vascular and lymphatic system
Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation
Describe the concept of anastomoses and collateral circulation with significance of end-arteries
Explain function of meta-arterioles, precapillary sphincters, arterio- venous anastomoses
Define thrombosis, infarction & aneurysm
List components of nervous tissue and their functions
Describe parts of a neuron and classify them based on number of neurites, size & function
Describe principles of sensory and motor innervation of muscles
Describe various types of synapse
Describe & demonstrate mechanics and types of respiration
Describe & demonstrate external and internal features of each chamber of heart
Describe & demonstrate origin, course and branches of coronary arteries
Describe anatomical basis of ischaemic heart disease
Mention the parts, position and arterial supply of the conducting system of heart
Mention the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of pleura, extent of pleura and describe the pleural recesses and their applied anatomy
Identify side, external features and relations of structures which form root of lung & bronchial tree and their clinical correlate
Describe a bronchopulmonary segment
Describe fetal circulation and changes occurring at birth
Describe embryological basis of:
1) atrial septal defect, 2) ventricular septal defect, 3) Fallot’s tetralogy & 4) tracheo-oesophageal fistula
Describe developmental basis of congenital anomalies, transposition of great vessels, dextrocardia, patent ductus arteriosus and coarctation of aorta
Demonstrate surface marking of lines of pleural reflection, Lung borders and fissures, Trachea, Heart borders, Apex beat & Surface projection of valves of heart
Describe circulation of CSF with its applied anatomy
Enumerate ascending & descending tracts at mid thoracic level of spinal cord
Describe anatomical basis of syringomyelia
Enumerate cranial nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata with their functional group
Describe anatomical basis & effects of medial & lateral medullary syndrome
Identify external features of pons
Describe anatomical basis of cerebellar dysfunction
Describe anatomical basis & effects of Benedikt’s and Weber’s syndromme
Describe & demonstrate surfaces, sulci, gyri, poles, & functional areas of cerebral hemisphere
Describe the white matter of cerebrum
Enumerate parts & major connections of basal ganglia & limbic lobe
Describe boundaries, parts, gross relations, major nuclei and connections of dorsal thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus and subthalamus
Describe & identify formation, branches & major areas of distribution of circle of Willis
Describe & demonstrate parts, boundaries & features of IIIrd, IVth & lateral ventricle
Describe anatomical basis of congenital hydrocephalus
Describe & identify various types of connective tissue with functional correlation
Classify muscle and describe the structure-function correlation of the same
Describe the structure-function correlation of neuron
Describe the various types and structure-function correlation of blood vessel
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Biochemistry)
Describe the molecular and functional organization of a cell and its sub-cellular components.
Describe the common poisons that inhibit crucial enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (eg; fluoride, arsenate)
Describe and discuss functions of proteins and structure-function relationships in relevant areas eg, hemoglobin and selected hemoglobinopathies
Describe the common disorders associated with nucleotide metabolism.
Describe the processes involved in maintenance of normal pH, water & electrolyte balance of body fluids and the derangements associated with these.
Describe the functions of various minerals in the body, their metabolism and homeostasis.
Describe the functions of haem in the body and describe the processes involved in its metabolism and describe porphyrin metabolism.
Describe the major types of haemoglobin and its derivatives found in the body and their physiological/ pathological relevance.
Describe the functions of the kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands.
Describe the tests that are commonly done in clinical practice to assess the functions of these organs (kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands).
Describe the abnormalities of kidney, liver, thyroid and adrenal glands.
Describe & discuss innate and adaptive immune responses, self/non-self recognition and the central role of T-helper cells in immune responses.
Perform urine analysis to estimate and determine normal and abnormal constituents
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Pathology)
Define and describe the etiology, types, pathogenesis, stages, morphology and complications and evaluation of Obstructive airway disease (OAD) and bronchiectasis
Describe the etiology, types, stages pathophysiology pathology and complications of heart failure
Interpret abnormalities in cardiac function testing in acute coronary syndromes
Classify and describe the etiology, types, pathophysiology, pathology, gross and microscopic features, diagnosis and complications of cardiomyopathies
Define and classify glomerular diseases. Enumerate and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanisms of glomerular injury, pathology, distinguishing features and clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis
Enumerate, classify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and iodine dependency of thyroid swellings
Describe the etiology, cause, iodine dependency, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and imaging features and course of thryotoxicosis
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and imaging features and course of thyrotoxicosis/ hypothyroidism
Classify and describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical laboratory features, complications and progression of diabetes mellitus
Describe the etiology, genetics, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and morphologic features of hyperparathyroidism
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory, morphologic features, complications of adrenal insufficiency
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory, morphologic features, complications of Cushing's syndrome
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, manifestations, laboratory and morphologic features of adrenal neoplasms
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Pharmacology)
Describe mechanism/s of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of skeletal muscle relaxants
Describe the mechanism/s of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of the drugs which act on CNS, (including anxiolytics, sedatives & hypnotics, antipsychotic, antidepressant drugs, anti-maniacs,opioid agonists and antagonists, drugs used for neurodegenerative disorders, antiepileptics Drugs)
Describe the mechanism/s of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of the drugs acting on blood, like anticoagulants, antiplatelets, fibrinolytics, plasma expanders
Describe mechanisms of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of the drugs modulating the renin angiotensin and aldosterone system
Describe the mechanism/s of action, types, doses, side effects, indications and contraindications of drugs used in hematological disorders like:
1. D rugs used in anemias
2. Colony Stimulating factors
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Forensic Medicine & Toxicology)
Demonstrate & identify that a particular stain is blood and identify the species of its origin.
Demonstrate the correct technique to perform and identify ABO & Rh blood group of a person.
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Anesthesiology)
Observe and describe the management of an unconscious patient
Observe and describe the basic setup process of a ventilator
Describe the anatomical correlates and physiologic principles of pain
Elicit and determine the level, quality and quantity of pain and its tolerance in patient or surrogate
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Ophtalmology)
Describe the physiology of vision.
INTEGRATED (Physiology + General Medicine)
Describe and discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis clinical evolution and course of common causes of heart disease including: rheumatic/ valvular, ischemic, hypertrophic inflammatory
Describe and discuss the genetic basis of some forms of heart failure
Describe and discuss the aetiology microbiology pathogenies and clinical evolution of rheumatic fever, criteria, degree of rheumatic activity and rheumatic valvular heart disease and its complications including infective endocarditis
Stage heart failure
Describe discuss and differentiate the processes involved in R Vs L heart failure, systolic vs diastolic failure
Describe and discuss the compensatory mechanisms involved in heart failure including cardiac remodelling and neurohormonal adaptations
Enumerate, describe and discuss the factors that exacerbate heart failure including ischemia, arrythmias anemia, thyrotoxicosis, dietary factors drugs etc.
Describe and discuss the pathogenesis and development of common arrythmias involved in heart failure particularly atrial fibrillation
Discuss and describe the epidemiology, antecedents and risk factors for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease
Discuss the aetiology of risk factors both modifiable and non modifiable of atherosclerosis and IHD
Discuss and describe the lipid cycle and the role of dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Discuss and describe the pathogenesis, natural history, evolution and complications of atherosclerosis and IHD
Describe and discuss the physiologic and biochemical basis of hyperbilirubinemia
Describe and discuss the aetiology and pathophysiology of liver injury
Describe and discuss the epidemiology, aetiology and the prevalence of primary and secondary hypertension
Describe and discuss the pathophysiology of hypertension
Enumerate the causes of hypoglycaemia and describe the counter hormone response and the initial approach and treatment.
Describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism including the influence of iodine deficiency and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease
Describe and discuss the physiology of the hypothalamopituitary - thyroid axis, principles of thyroid function testing and alterations in physiologic function
Describe and discuss the physiologic effects of acute blood and volume loss
Distinguish the lesion based on upper vs lower motor neuron, side, site and most probable nature of the lesion
Describe the clinical features and distinguish, based on clinical examination, the various disorders of speech
Describe and distinguish, based on the clinical presentation, the types of bladder dysfunction seen in CNS disease
Describe the functional anatomy of the locomotor system of the brain
Enumerate the causes of hypercalcemia and distinguish the features of PTH vs non PTH mediated hypercalcemia
Enumerate the causes and describe the clinical and laboratory features of metabolic acidosis
Enumerate the causes of describe the clinical and laboratory features of metabolic alkalosis
Enumerate the causes and describe the clinical and laboratory features of respiratory acidosis
Enumerate the causes and describe the clinical and laboratory features of respiratory alkalosis
Identify the underlying acid based disorder based on an ABG report and clinical situation
Discuss and describe the methods of nutritional assessment in an adult and calculation of caloric requirements during illnesses
Discuss and describe the causes and consequences of protein caloric malnutrition in the hospital
Discuss and describe the aetiology, causes, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis and management of common vitamin deficiencies
Enumerate the indications for enteral and parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, assessment and management of nutritional disorders in the elderly
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Obstetrics & Gynaecology)
Describe and discuss the changes in the genital tract, cardiovascular system, respiratory, haematology, renal and gastrointestinal systems in pregnancy
INTEGRATED (Physiology + Pediatrics)
Explain the physiology of lactation
Describe the composition and types of breast milk and discuss the differences between cow’s milk and human milk
Define, describe the etio-pathogenesis, classify including WHO classification, clinical features, complication and management of severe Acute Malnourishment and Moderate Acute Malnutrition
Outline the clinical approach to a child with SAM and MAM
Assessment of a patient with SAM and MAM, diagnosis, classification and planning management including hospital and community based intervention, rehabilitation and prevention
Describe the common etiology, clinical features and management of Obesity in children
Discuss the risk approach for obesity and discuss the prevention strategies
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Deficiency / excess of Vitamin D ( Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D
Identify the clinical features of dietary deficiency of Vitamin D
Assess patients with Vitamin D deficiency, diagnose, classify and plan management
Discuss the RDA, dietary sources of Vitamin K and their role in health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, management and prevention of of Deficiency of Vitamin K
Discuss the Hemodynamic changes, clinical presentation, complications and management of Acyanotic Heart Diseases
–VSD, ASD and PDA
Discuss the Hemodynamic changes, clinical presentation, complications and management of Cyanotic Heart Diseases – Fallot’s Physiology
Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of cardiac failure in infant and children
Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of Acute Rheumatic Fever in children
Discuss the clinical features, complications, diagnosis, management and prevention of Acute Rheumatic Fever
Discuss the etio-pathogenesis and clinical features and management of Infective endocarditis in children
Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, Clinical features, classification and approach to a child with anaemia
Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Iron Deficiency anaemia
Discuss the etiopathogenesis, Clinical features and management of VIT B12, Folate deficiency anaemia
Discuss the etio-pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Hemolytic anemia, Thalassemia Major, Sickle cell anaemia, Hereditary spherocytosis, Auto-immune hemolytic anaemia and hemolytic uremic syndrome
INTEGRATED (Physiology + General Surgery)
Describe basic concepts of homeostasis, enumerate the metabolic changes in injury and their mediators
Describe Pathophysiology of shock. Types of shock. Principles of resuscitation including fluid replacement and monitoring
Elicit, document and present history in a case of Burns and perform physical examination. Describe Pathophysiology of Burns.
Enumerate the causes and consequences of malnutrition in the surgical patient.
Describe and Discuss the methods of estimation and replacement the Fluid and electrolyte requirements in the surgical patient
Describe the applied Anatomy and physiology of esophagus
Define and classify obstructive airway disease
Describe and discuss the epidemiology risk factors and evolution of obstructive airway disease
Describe and discuss the physiology and pathophysiology of hypoxia and hypercapneia
Describe and discuss the genetics of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency in emphysema
Describe, discuss and interpret pulmonary function tests
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Biological cell
(a) Architecture, compartmentation, cell membrane structure and functions; structure- function relationships.
(b) Membrane transport.
Biomolecules
(a) Function and classification of carbohydrates, lipids, protein and amino acids.
(b) Stereoisomerism and chemistry of monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids.
(c) Structural organization and structure-function relationships of proteins. Hemoglobin and myoglobin, molecular mechanism of O2 transport and storage. Molecular basis of sickle cell anaemia and thallesemias.
(d) Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction.
(e) Plasma proteins, their functions and clinical significance.
Enzymes
(a) Nomenclature, classification,
(b) Kinetics, mechanism of enzymatic catalysis.
(c) Factors influencing enzymatic catalyses, enzyme activators and inhibitors.
(d) Regulation of enzyme activity,
(e) Clinical enzymology, isoenzymes.
Metabolic pathways, their regulation and metabolic interrelationships
Metabolism: general concepts and characteristics of metabolic pathways.
Carbohydrate metabolism
(a) Pathways of glucose metabolism: glycolysis
(b) HMP shunt
(c) Gluconeogenesis
(d) Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis
(e) Galactose and fructose metabolism
(f) Glycogen storage disease
(g) Inborn errors of glucose metabolism
(h) Regulation of glucose metabolism.
Amino acid metabolism
(a) General reactions, transamination, its metabolic and diagnostic significance
(b) Disposal of amino acid nitrogen and detoxication of urea
(c) Metabolic fate of amino acid carbon skeleton
(d) Sulphur containing amino acids
(e) In born errors of branched chain and aromatic amino acids
(f) Important amino acid derivatives.
Lipid metabolism
(a) Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, phospolipids and triacylglycerols
(b) Biosynthesis of cholesterol, chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins.
(c) Hyperlipoproteinemias
(d) Lipid storage disease.
(e) Ketone bodies: their synthesis, utilization and conditions leading to ketoacidosis, prostaglandin.
TCA cycle and biological oxidation, prostanoids.
Regulation of the metabolic pathways
(a) Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism
(b) Interlinks between these pathways.
(c) Organ interrelationships in metabolism,
(d) Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus.
(e) Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation.
(f) Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.
Food assimilation and nutrition
(a) Digestive enzymes, their action on dietary carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
(b) Absorption of glucose, amino acids and lipids.
(c) Gastric, pancreatic and intestinal function tests, liver function tests.
(d) Functions of dietary ingredients, the macro and micronutrients.
(e) Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
(f) Malnutrition
(g) Iron metabolism and heme synthesis.
Hormones
(a) Molecular basis of hormonal action, signal transduction mechanisms.
(b) Chemistry, functions and mechanism of action of hormones of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, panaceas, and gonads.
(c) Biosynthesis of steroid hormones their functions and mechanism of action.
(d) Pineal body
(e) Endorphins and encephalins,
(f) Calcium homeostasis.
(g) Hormonal interplay in the regulation of metabolism.
Molecular Biology
(a) Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA structure
(b) DNA Replication,
(c) DNA Transcription
(d) Post-transcriptional processing.
(e) Translation of genetic code
(f) Regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis inhibitors of protein synthesis.
(g) DNA repair mechanisms,
(h) Applied aspects of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
(i) Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology
(j) DNA and diagnostics
(k) DNA repair mechanisms and related disorders
(l) Telomers, telomerases
(m) Inhibitors of DNA replication, apoptosis
pH, Buffer, physiological buffer systems
(a) Regulation of blood pH, acidosis, alkalosis,
(b) Renal functions tests.
Immunology
(a) Reticuloendothelial system, components and functions of the innate and adaptive immunity.
(b) Role of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presentation
(c) Induction of immune response
(d) Cell mediated immune response
(e) Immunoglobulin structure and functions
(f) Humoral immune response
(g) Fate of antigen antibody complex,
(h) Complement system
(i) Generation of antibody diversity,
(j) Hypersensitivities
(k) Immunoregulation, autoimmunity, tolerance
(l) HLA, disease association & transplantation
(m) Immunological techniques, application in medicine (vaccines, immunotherapy, immunoassays and immunodiagnostics).
(f) Calcium homeostasis.
(g) Hormonal interplay in the regulation of metabolism.
Molecular Biology
(a) Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA structure
(b) DNA Replication,
(c) DNA Transcription
(d) Post-transcriptional processing.
(e) Translation of genetic code
(f) Regulation of gene expression and protein synthesis inhibitors of protein synthesis.
(g) DNA repair mechanisms,
(h) Applied aspects of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
(i) Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA technology
(j) DNA and diagnostics
(k) DNA repair mechanisms and related disorders
(l) Telomers, telomerases
(m) Inhibitors of DNA replication, apoptosis
pH, Buffer, physiological buffer systems
(a) Regulation of blood pH, acidosis, alkalosis,
(b) Renal functions tests.
Immunology
(a) Reticuloendothelial system, components and functions of the innate and adaptive immunity.
(b) Role of T and B lymphocytes, antigen presentation
(c) Induction of immune response
(d) Cell mediated immune response
(e) Immunoglobulin structure and functions
(f) Humoral immune response
(g) Fate of antigen antibody complex,
(h) Complement system
(i) Generation of antibody diversity,
(j) Hypersensitivities
(k) Immunoregulation, autoimmunity, tolerance
(l) HLA, disease association & transplantation
(m) Immunological techniques, application in medicine (vaccines, immunotherapy, immunoassays and immunodiagnostics).
Environmental biochemistry, cancer and cancer makers
(a) Xenbiotics, interaction with biomolecules, effects, metabolism, detoxication,
(b) Biochemical characteristics of cancer
(c) Environmental pollutants and carcinogenensis
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + Physiology)
Explain energy source and muscle metabolism
Describe the composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, and regulation of saliva, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal juices and bile secretion
Describe the physiology of digestion and absorption of nutrients
Describe & discuss the structure and functions of liver and gall bladder
Describe & discuss gastric function tests, pancreatic exocrine function tests & liver function tests
Discuss the physiology aspects of: peptic ulcer, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, Adynamic ileus, Hirschsprung's disease
Describe & discuss Renal Function Tests
Describe function tests: Thyroid gland; Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla and pancreas
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + Pathology)
Describe the pathogenesis of disorders caused by protein calorie malnutrition and starvation
Describe iron metabolism
Describe the metabolism of Vitamin B12 and the etiology and pathogenesis of B12 deficiency
Define and classify hemolytic anemia
Describe the pathogenesis and clinical features and hematologic indices of hemolytic anemia
Describe the pathogenesis, features, hematologic indices and peripheral blood picture of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, hematologic indices and peripheral blood picture of Acquired hemolytic anemia
Describe bilirubin metabolism, enumerate the etiology and pathogenesis of jaundice, distinguish between direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy)
Enumerate and identify the cutaneous findings in Vitamin A deficiency
Enumerate and describe the various skin changes in Vitamin B complex deficiency
Enumerate and describe the various changes in Vitamin C deficiency
Enumerate and describe the various changes in Zinc deficiency
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + Ophthalmology)
Describe the surgical anatomy and the metabolism of the lens
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + General Medicine)
Discuss and describe the lipid cycle and the role of dyslipidemia in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
Choose and interpret a lipid profile and identify the desirable lipid profile in the clinical context
Discuss and describe the indications, formulations, doses, side effects and monitoring for drugs used in the management of dyslipidemia
Perform and interpret a capillary blood glucose test
Perform and interpret a urinary ketone estimation with a dipstick
Describe the clinical epidemiology and inherited & modifiable risk factors for common malignancies in India
Discuss and describe the methods of nutritional assessment in an adult and calculation of caloric requirements during illnesses
Discuss and describe the causes and consequences of protein caloric malnutrition in the hospital
Discuss and describe the aetiology, causes, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis and management of common vitamin deficiencies
Enumerate the indications for enteral and parenteral nutrition in critically ill patients
Describe and discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications, assessment and management of nutritional disorders in the elderly
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + Pediatrics)
Describe the age related nutritional needs of infants, children and adolescents including micronutrients and vitamins
Explains the Calorific value of common Indian foods
Define Describe the etio-pathogenesis , Classify including WHO classification , clinical features, complication and management of Severe Acute Malnourishment (SAM) and Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM)
Outline the clinical approach to a child with SAM and MAM
Assessment of a patient with SAM and MAM, diagnosis, classification and planning management including hospital and community based intervention, rehabilitation and prevention
Describe the common etiology, clinical features and management of Obesity in children
Discuss the (RDA) , dietary sources of Vitamin A and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Deficiency / excess of Vitamin A
Identify the clinical features of dietary deficiency / excess of Vitamin A
Diagnose patients with Vitamin A deficiency, Classify and plan management
Discuss the Vitamin A prophylaxis program and their recommendations
Discuss the RDA, dietary sources of Vitamin D and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Deficiency / excess of Vitamin D (Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D)
Identify the clinical features of dietary deficiency of Vitamin D
Assess patients with Vitamin D deficiency, Diagnose, Classify and plan management
Discuss the RDA, dietary sources of Vitamin E and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of deficiency of Vitamin E
Discuss the RDA , dietary sources of Vitamin K and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis , management and prevention of Deficiency of Vitamin K
Discuss the RDA , dietary sources of Vitamin B and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Deficiency of B complex Vitamins
Identify the clinical features of Vitamin B complex deficiency
Diagnose patients with Vitamin B complex deficiency and plan management
Discuss the RDA, dietary sources of Vitamin C and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Deficiency of Vitamin C ( scurvy)
Identify the clinical features Vitamin C deficiency
Discuss the RDA, dietary sources of Iron and their role in health and disease
Describe the causes, diagnosis and management of Fe deficiency
Identify the clinical features of dietary deficiency of Iron and make a diagnosis
Interpret hemogram and Iron Panel
Discuss the RDA , dietary sources of Iodine and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Deficiency of Iodine
Identify the clinical features of Iodine deficiency disorders
Discuss the National Goiter control program and their recommendations
Discuss the RDA, dietary sources of Calcium and its role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Ca Deficiency
Discuss the RDA , dietary sources of Magnesium and their role in Health and disease
Describe the causes, clinical features, diagnosis and management of Magnesium Deficiency
Explain the components of the Universal immunization Program and the sub National Immunization Programs
Explain the epidemiology of Vaccine preventable diseases
Vaccine description with regards to Classification of vaccines, Strain used, Dose, route, schedule, Risks benefits and side effects, indications and contraindications
Define cold chain and discuss the methods of safe storage and handling of vaccines
Discuss immunization in special situations – HIV positive children, immunodeficiency, preterm, organ transplants, those who received blood and blood products, splenectomised children, Adolescents, travellers
Perform and interpret the common analytes in a Urine examination
Discuss the Indications for Hemoglobin electrophoresis and interpret report
Perform and interpret Urine Dip Stick for Sugar
INTEGRATED (Biochemistry + General Surgery)
Describe basic concepts of homeostasis, enumerate the metabolic changes in injury and their mediators.
Describe the factors that affect the metabolic response to injury.
Choose appropriate biochemical, microbiological, pathological, imaging investigations and interpret the investigative data in a surgical patient.
Discuss the nutritional requirements of surgical patients, the methods of providing nutritional support and their complications.
