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A - FORENSIC MEDICINE
1. FORENSIC PATHOLOGY
Definition of Forensic Medicine, State Medicine, Legal Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence. History of Forensic Medicine.
1. Criminal procedure code, Criminal cases, Civil cases, Definition of Inquest , Different types of inquest procedures police inquest, magistrate’s inquest. Cognizable and non cognizable offences,Different types of courts in India and their powers – Supreme court, High Court, Session Court,Magistrate’s court. Court procedures: Summons,oath, affirmation,conduct money, types of witnesses, types of examination in court. Examination in chief, Cross examination, Re- examination,court questions, Evidence – Oral, Documentary, Medical evidence, Medical Certificate, Dying declaration, Dying deposition, Conduct of a doctor in witness box and Examination of dead body at the scene of crime.
2. Definition of death, Types of death-Somatic/Clinical/Cellular, Molecular and Brain death including cortical death and Brainstem death, Natural and Unnatural death, Suspended animation Moment of death, Modes of death – Coma, Syncope and Asphyxia, Presumption of death and Survivorship and Sudden death.
3. Description of signs of death. Post-mortem changes after death –cooling of dead body, postmortem lividity, rigor mortis, cadaveric spasm, heat and cold stiffening, putrefaction, mummification, adipocere formation maceration and preservation of dead bodies.
4. Estimation of time since death on postmortem examination.
5. Examination of mutilated bodies or fragments, bundle of bones and exhumation.
6. Definition of postmortem examination, Different types of autopsies, aims and objectives of postmortem examination, Legal requirements to conduct postmortem examination, Procedure to conduct medicolegal postmortem examination, obscure autopsy, examination of clothing, preservation of viscera on postmortem examination for chemical analysis and other medicolegal purposes, postmortem artefacts.
7. Definition and classification of asphyxia, medico-legal interpretation of postmortem findings in asphyxial deaths.
8. Definition and types of hanging and strangulation. Description of clinical findings, causes of death, postmortem findings and medico-legal aspects of death due to hanging and strangulation. Examination and despatch of ligature material.
9. Definition, pathophysiology, clinical features, postmortem findings and medicolegal aspects of traumatic asphyxia, obstruction of nose & mouth, suffocation, sexual asphyxia.
10. Definition, types, pathophysiology, clinical features, postmortem findings and medicolegal aspectsof drowning, diatom test, Gettler test.
11. Clinical features, postmortem finding and medico legal aspects of injuries due to physical agents heat (heat-hyper-pyrexia, heat stroke, sun stroke, Heat exhaustion (Prostration), heat cramps (miner‘s cramp)),cold (hypothermia, Frostbite, trench foot, Immersion foot), lightening,electrocution and radiations.
12. Clinical features, postmortem findings and medicolegal aspects of death due to starvation and neglect. Types of injuries, clinical features, pathophysiology, postmortem findings and medicolegal aspects in cases of burns and scalds.
13. Definition of infanticide, foeticide and stillbirth. Signs of intrauterine death, Signs of live birth, viability of foetus, age determination of foetus, demonstration of ossification centres, precipitate labour, Haase’s rule, Hydrostatic test, maceration, Sudden infants death syndrome, Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy.
2. CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICINE
14. Establishment of identity of living persons – Definition of Corpus Delicti,Race, sex, religion, complexion, stature, age determination using morphology, teeth-eruption,decay, bite marks, bones ossification centres, medicolegal aspects of age. Foetal age determination, Identification of criminals,unknown persons, dead bodies from the remains-hairs,fibers,teeth,anthropometry, dactylography, foot prints,scars,tattoos,poroscopy and Superimposition.
15. Definition and classification of injuries, Various types of injuries. Abrasion, bruise, laceration, stab wound, incised wound,chop wound, defence wound, self inflicted/fabricated wounds and their medicolegal aspects.
16. Description of regional injuries to head (Scalp wounds, fracture skull, Intracranial haemorrhages, Coup and contrecoup injuries), Neck,Chest,Abdomen,Limbs,Genital organs, Spinal cord and skeleton, Vehicular injuries – Primary and Secondary impact, Secondary injuries, crush syndrome, railway spine, reconstruction of scene of crime.
17. Definition of Injuries, Assult and Hurt. IPC pertaining to injuries. Accidental,Suicidal and Homicidal Injuries. Types of Injuries – Simple ,Grievous and Dangerous. Different types of weapons, Dangerous weapons and their examination. Antemortem and Potmortem Inuries, Medico-legal aspects of injuries. Factors influencing, Infliction of Injuries and Healing, Different legal questions, examination and certification of wounds, Wound as a cause of death: Primary and Secondary. Dowry death. Workman’s Compensation Act.
18. Firearm injuries. Classification of fire-arms. Structure and components of various firearms,description of ammunition propellant charge and mechanism of fire-arms, Various terminology in relation of firearm – calibre, range,choking. Description of different types of cartridges and bullets.
19. Description of wound ballistic, blast injuries and their interpretation. Preservation and despatch of trace evidences in cases of firearm and blast injuries. Various test related to confirmation of use of firearms.
20. Definition and types of sexual offences, Definition of rape. Section 376 IPC, Examination of the victim of an alleged case of rape, Examination of the accused of an alleged case of rape, preparation of report and framing the opinion in rape cases, preservation and despatch of trace evidences in cases of rape. Adultery, Unnatural Sexual offences Sodomy, Examination of accused and victim, preparation of report and framing of opinion, preservation and dispatch of trace evidences in cases of sodomy, incest, lesbianism, buccal coitus, bestiality, indecent assault. Sexual perversions. Fetichism, transvestism, voyeurism, sadism necrophagia, masochism, exhibitionism, frotteurism, necrophillia.
21. Definitions of Impotence, Sterility, Frigidity, Sexual Dysfunction, Premature Ejaculation, Causes of Impotence and sterility in male and female, Sterilization, Artificial Insemination, Surrogate mother, Delhi Artificial Insemination act 1995.
22. Definition of Virginity and defloration, anatomy of male and female genitalia, Hymen and its types, Medicolegal importance of hymen, Medicolegal importance of pregnancy, diagnosis of pregnancy, Superfoetation, superfecundation, Definition of Legitimacy and its medicolegal importance, Disputed paternity and maternity, Medicolegal aspects of delievery, Signs of delivery, Signs of recent and remote delivery in living and dead.
23. Definition, Classification and complication of abortion, MTP act 1971, Methods of procuring criminal abortion, Evidences of abortion-Living and Dead,Duties of doctor in cases of abortion.
24. Battered baby syndrome.
3. MEDICAL JURISPRUNDENCE
25. Medical council of India, state medical councils- Their functions and disciplinary control. Laws in relation to medical practice, duties of medical practitioner towards the patients and society. Indian Medical Register, rights priviliges of medical practitioner, penal erasure, infamous conduct, disciplinary committee, warning notice & euthanasia.
26. Code of medical ethics, unethical practices, dichotomy, consumer protection act , Prenatal diagnostic techniques act, Human organ transplantation act, ESI act, medicolegal issues in relation to family violence, Violation of human rights, NHRC and doctors, Doctors and media, ethics related to HIVpatients.
27. Malpractice- Civil, Criminal and ethical
28. Consent, kinds of consent, informed consent, negligence, vicarious liability, the doctrine of res Ipsa Loquitor, Contributory Negligence, Therapeutic Privilige, Rules of Consent, Malingering, Therapeutic Misadventure, corporate negligence, Professional negligence, Professional Secrecy, Human Experimentation, IPC related to medical Practice, Products liability, Medical Indemnity Insurance, Medical records.
4. FORENSIC PSYCHIATRY
29. Definition, Various types of mental disorder, Lucid interval, Classification of mental disorder, mental subnormality, Diagnosis of Insanity and Feigned insanity, Restraint, admission and discharge of Insane in accordance to Mental Health act 1994, Mental disorder and responsibility-Civil and Criminal responsibility, Testamentary Capacity, Mc Naughten‘s rule.
5. FORENSIC SCIENCES
30. Definition of DNA fingerprinting,Techniques of DNA Fingerprinting, Application of DNA profiling in forensic Medicine, HLA typing.
31. Locard’s exchange principle, Examination, preservation, despatch and identification of blood, Seminal stains (Physical,microscopic,chemical and serological test, blood grouping) and its medicolegal aspects, Saliva, vaginal fluid, faecal and urinary stain, examination of skin, nail tooth pulp and other body fluids group specific substances, hazards of blood transfusion.
B. TOXICOLOGY
1. GENERAL TOXICOLOGY
History of Toxicology, Definition of Toxicology, Forensic Toxicology, Clinical toxicology and Poison, Laws in relation to poisons, Medicolegal aspects of poisons, Classification of poisons, Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics, diagnosis of poisoning in living and dead, General principles of management of poisoning, Antidotes and its types, Medicolegal autopsy in cases of poisoning, preservation and despatch of viscera for chemical analysis.
2. CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
Types of poison, Clinical signs and Symptoms, diagnosis, management and medicolegal aspects of :
1. Corrosive poisons – sulphuric acid, phenol ,oxalic acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, organic acids and alkalies.
2. Irritant non metallic poisons- Phosphorus, Halogens, Organophosphorus, chlorinated hydrocarbons, miscellaneous preparation & mechanical irritatants.
3. Agricultural poisons- Organophosphorous, Organochlorine. Classification and description of common insecticides and pesticides used in India
4. Metallic poison - arsenic, lead, iron, copper, zinc, thallium.
5. Animal poisons – snake bite, scorpion bite , wasp, bee, cantherides & toxic fishes.
6. Somniferous poisons – opium & its derivatives, synthetic preparations, pethidine & codeine.
7. Deliriant poisons – Dhatura , hemlock, cannabis, LSD, muscaline & cocaine .
8. Spinal & peripheral nerve poisons – strychnine, curare & domestic poisons – kerosene, cleansing agents, disinfectants, household medicines.
9. Barbiturate poisoning, drug abuse & common drug overdoses.
10. Vegetable poisons – abrus, ricinus, croton, ergot, capsicum, camphor, argemone, lathyrus & calotropis.
11. Describe and examine Alcohol poisoning (ethyl & methyl alcohol) and drunkenness, its medicolegal aspects & benzodiazepine poisoning.
12. Cardiac poisons – HCN, aconite, tobacco, quinine, digitalis and oleander.
13. Asphyxiant poisons – carbon monoxide, , carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, phosgene and phosphine.
14. Definition of food adulteration. Names of common adulterants and general methods of detection for food adulterants, Common food poisonings- Botulism, Chemical Poisoning, Poisonous Mushrooms and epidemic dropsy.
3. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
15. Description of toxic pollution of environment, its medico-legal aspects & toxic hazards of occupation and industry.
16. Description and medico-legal aspects of poisoning in Workman’s Compensation Act.
4. ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY
17. General principles of analytical toxicology and its application in management , prevention and control of poisoning.
18. Basic principles of functioning of Gas Liquid Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Spectrophotometer, Neutron Activation Analysis, Mass spectrometry, alcometer.
<< GO BACK TO SUBJECTS
MICROBIOLOGY
1. Introduction to Microbiology
(i) Natural history of microbial diseases.
(ii) Unique differentiating features of eukaryotes and prokaryotes
(iii) Source and spread of microbes
(iv) Rationale for classifying microbes into bacteria, fungi viruses, parasites.
2. Introduction to Bacteriology
– The nature of bacteria
– Morphological differences
– Growth requirement
– Nomenclature and classification
– Enumeration of bacteria responsible for certain primary diseases.
3. Bacterial Staining and Cultivation
– Microscopy : types and principles
– Staining : principles
– Media for growth / bacterial colony
– Familiarization with materials used
4. Common Tests for Bacterial identification
– Various types of staining such as simple, differential staining; different procedures of staining and their principles
– Motility testing
– Common sugar fermentation and other biochemical tests such as Catalase / Coagulase/ citrate utilization/ nitrate reduction / urease/ PPA/ OF/ Indole etc.
– Sensitivity testing
5. Introduction to parasitology
– Biology of protozoa
– Protozoan parasites causing human infection
– Medically important helminths
– Ectoparasites
6. Introduction to Virology
– The nature and properties of viruses
– Classification of viruses
– Morphology
7. Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infection
– Brief appraisal of pathogenicity of viruses
– Culture methods
– Cytopathic effects
– Inclusion bodies
– Animal inoculation
– Serological test (CFT, HAI, neutralisation)
8. Introduction to Mycology
– Nature of fungi : basic structures and classification
– Superficial mycoses
– Subcutaneous mycosis
– Systemic fungal infections with opportunistic mycosis
9. Common Laboratory Methods for Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
(i) KOH preparation with principles
(ii) Lactophenal cotton blue preparation
(iii) Negative staining and procedures
(iv) Special staining and procedures
(v) Culture of fungi
(vi) Serodiagnosis
10. Collection of Transport of Samples
– Collection of clinical samples
– Transport of various appropriate clinical samples.
– Transport media
– Description of container with contents or no contents.
– Preliminary processing of clinical samples
11. Host-Parasite relationship
– Presence of normal flora
– Enumeration and explanation of various host-parasite interaction
– Mechanism of pathogenesis adhesion/ colonisation/ virulence and toxigenicity
– Host response
– Koch’s postulates
12. Bacterial AND Viral Genetics
– Structure and replication of bacterial DNA
– Plasmids
– Transfer of genetic materials
– Mutations
– Viral replication
– Interactions among viruses (recombination, genetic reactivation, complementation etc).
– Epidemiology of viral infection
– Recombinant DNA technology
13. Immunity to infection
– Normal immune system
– Innate Immunity
– Antigens – presentation and association in immunity
– Immunoglobulins and their role in immunity
– Cell mediated immunity and their role
– Hypersensitivity
– Immunodeficiency
– Tolerance
14. Immunodiagnosis
– Antigen-antibody reactions in infectious diseases and diagnostic tests based on these
15. Vaccines
16. Sterilisation and disinfection
– Principles
– Various methods
– Demonstration of equipments and agents used in sterilization
– Visit to CSSD
17. Bacteriology of water and air
Infections of Gastrointestinal Tract
18. Microorganisms associated with gastrointestinal infections. (Bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi).
19. Gastrointestinal infections caused by parasites
19a. Amoebiasis
- Entamoeba spp
- Naegleria spp
- Acanthamoeba spp
19b. Amoebiasis
19c. Other intestinal protozoal infections
1. Intestinal nematodes (Classification, epidemiology, life cycles etc.)
2. Intestinal nematodes (Clinical features and lab diagnosis) Intestinal cestodes (Focus: only those seen in india; and trematodes incl. cysticercosis)
3. Intestinal cestodes (Epidemiology, clinical features, microbiological aspects, diagnosis)
4. Enterobacteriaceae (Introduction, common features, classification, infections caused - enumeration only)
5. Bacterial diarrhoea and (Focus: e.coli and shigella) dysentery
6. Cholera (Bacteriology, virulence, toxins, pathogenesis)
7. Cholera (Clinical Features, Epidemiology,
8. Food Borne Pathogens
9. Bacterial food poisoning (Aetiology, toxins, types, etc. include: introduction to staphylococcus and salmonella)
10. Helicobacter pylori
11. Viral gastroenteritis
13. Tutorial : Infections of the G.I.T.
Infections of liver & lymphatics
14. Viral hepatitis
14a. (Hepatitis A, B)
14b. (Hepatitis C, D, E)
15. Echinococcus Granulosus Infection
16. Filariasis (and brief introduction to other tissue nematodes)
Infections of the respiratory tract
17. Streptococcal infections (Group A, B, B: bacteriology, pathogenesis, infections, lab diagnosis), and, introduction to viridans group and pneumococcus
18. Sequelae of streptococcal infection
19. Diphtheria (Bacteriology/ pathogenesis/ lab diagnosis)
20. Diphtheria, whooping cough and acute viral respiratory infections of childhood
21. Agents causing pneumonia (bacterial :incl. gnb, pneumococcus mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella; viral; pneumocystis)
22. Mycobacteria with special reference to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
23. Infections due to Nontubercular Mycobacteria (NTM) and Mycobacterium leprae
24. Tuberculosis
25. Tutorial: infections of respiratory tract
Urinary tract infection
26. Urinary tract infections
Wound infections/anaerobic infections/fungal infections
27. Staphylococcal infections - including bacteriology, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis
28. Anaerobic infections of clinical importance
GNB anaerobes
Clostridia
30. Dermatophytosis
31. Mycetoma & subcutaneous mycosis
32. Systemic mycoses
Infections of the eyes
33. Eye Infections
Pyrexia of Unknown origin AND OTHER FEBRILE ILLNESSES
1. (1A. and 1B.) Enteric fever In clinical semesters
2. Malaria
2a. (Transmission, species, life cycle and stages
3. (3a. and 3b.) Leishmaniasis
4. Childhood Viral ExAnthema
5. Viral haemorrhagic fever
6. Rickettsial infection with special reference to Indian rickettsial infection (Indian tick typhus, murine typhus, endemic typhus, scrub typhus
7. Spirochetal infections other than Treponema pallidium (Borrelia, Leptospira)
8. Septicaemia / Bacteraemia In clinical semesters
Central Nervous system Infections
10. Meningitis (Etiology, Lab diagnosis Pathogenesis)
11. Encephalitis
12. Poliomyelitis
13. Rabies
14. Cysticercosis and other CNS Parasitic diseases by Neurology
15. Slow viruses and prions
16. CNS infections
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
17. Syphilis
18. STD (incl. bacteriology of neisseria gonorrhoeae and other organisms)
19. STD (clinical features and lab diagnosis)
20. Herpes viruses
Herpes viruses – Part 1
Herpes viruses – Part 2
21. Human Immunodeficiency virus
Congenital infections
22. Congenital infections
23. Tutorial: Congenital infections and std
Miscellaneous
24. Hospital infection, universal precautions
25. Zoonoses (Bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal)
26. Entomology of medical importance
<< GO BACK TO SUBJECTS
PATHOLOGY
(A) General Pathology
1. Introduction to Pathology
2. Cell Injury
a) Cell injury: Causes and Mechanism: Ischemic, Toxic.
b) Reversible cell injury : Types, morphology: Swelling, vacuolation, hyaline, fatty change.
c) Irreversible cell injury : Types of Necrosis
3. Amyloidosis and Calcification
a) Calcification : Dystrophic and Metastatic
b) Amyloidosis : classification, Pathogenesis, Morphology
4. Inflammation and Repair
a) Acute inflammation : Features, causes, vascular and cellular events.
b) Morphologic variants of acute inflammation
c) Inflammatory cells and Mediators
d) Chronic inflammation : Causes, types, nonspecific and Granulomatous with examples
e) Wound healing by primary and secondary union, factors promoting and delaying the process
f) Healing at specific sites including bone healing
5. Circulatory Disturbances
a) Edema : Pathogenesis and types
b) Chronic venous congestion : Pathogenesis and changes in Lung, Liver, Spleen
c) Thrombosis and Embolism : Formation, Fate and Effects
d) Infarction : Types, common sites, Gangrene
e) Shock : Pathogenesis, Types, Morphologic changes
f) Derangements of Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
6. Growth Disturbances and Neoplasia
a) Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Hypoplasia, Metaplasia, Malformation, Agenesis, Dysplasia
b) Neoplasia : Classification, Histogenesis, Biologic Behaviour : Benign and Malignant; Carcinoma and Sarcoma
c) Malignant Neoplasia : Grades and Stages, Local and distant spread
d) Carcinogenesis : Environmental carcinogens, chemical, viral, occupational, Heredity and cellular oncogenes
e) Tumour and Host Interactions : Systemic effects including paraneoplastic syndromes, Tumor immunology
f) Laboratory diagnosis : Cytology, Biopsy, Tumor markers
7. Immunopathology
a) Immune system : organisation, cells, antibodies and regulation of immune responses.
b) Hypersensitivity : types and examples, Antibody and cell mediated tissue injury with examples.
c) Primary immunodeficiency
d) Secondary Immunodeficiency including HIV Infection
e) Auto-immune disorders like systemic lupus erythematosis; organ specific and non-organ specific such as polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimoto’s disease.
f) Tumor Immunity
g) Organ transplantation : Immunologic basis of Rejection and Graft versus host reaction
8. Infectious Diseases
a) Mycobacterial Diseases : Tuberculosis and Leprosy
b) Bacterial diseases : Pyogenic, Typhoid, Diphtheria, Gram negative infection, Bacillary dysentery, Syphilis
c) Viral : Polio, Herpes, Rabies, Measles; Rickettsial, Chlamydial infection
d) Fungal diseases and opportunistic infections
e) Parasitic Diseases : Malaria, Filaria, Amebiasis, Kala-azar, Cysticercosis, Hydatid
f) AIDS : Aetiology, modes of transmission, diagnostic procedures and handling of infected material and health education.
9. Miscellaneous Disorders
a) Autosomal and sex-linked disorders with examples
b) Metabolic disorders
c) Protein energy malnutrition and vitamin deficiency disorders
d) Radiation Injury
e) Disorders of Pigment and Mineral metabolism such as bilirubin, melanin, hemosiderin
(B) Systemic Pathology
1. Cardiovascular Pathology
a) Rheumatic fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease : Pathogenesis, Morphology and effects
b) Infective Endocarditis : Causes, Pathogenesis and Morphology
c) Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Heart Disease; Myocardial Infarction
d) Diseases of blood vessels other than atherosclerosis
e) Hypertension and Hypertensive Heart Disease
f) Congenital Heart Disease : ASD, VSD, Fallot’s Bicuspid aortic valve, PDA
g) Pericarditis and other pericardial diseases
h) Cardiomyopathy
2. Respiratory Pathology
a) Structure of Bronchial tree and alveolar walls, normal and altered lung function; concept of obstructive and restrictive lung disorders
b) Inflammatory diseases of bronchi : chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive lung disease
c) Pneumonias : Lobar, Broncho, Interstitial
d) Pulmonary suppuration including lung abscess : Etiopathogenesis and Morphology
e) Pulmonary Tuberculosis : Primary and Secondary, Morphologic types including pleuritis
f) Emphysema : Types, pathogenesis
g) Atelectasis and Hyaline Membrane Disease
h) Tumors : Benign; Carcinoid, Malignant; Squamous cell, Oat cell, Adeno, etiopathogenesis.
i) Occupational lung disorders : anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, mesothelioma
3. Urinary Tract Pathology
a) Renal structure, basis of impaired function, urine analysis
b) Glomerulonephritis : Classification, Primary Proliferative and Non Proliferative
c) Secondary Glomerulonephritis : SLE, Purpura, Polyarteritis, Amyloidosis, Diabetes
d) Nephrotic Syndrome
e) Acute Renal Failure : Acute tubular and cortical necrosis
f) Progressive renal failure and end stage renal disease
g) Pyelonephritis, Reflux Nephropathy, Interstitial Nephritis
h) Renal tumors : Renal cell carcinoma, Nephroblastoma
i) Renal vascular disorders, kidney changes in Hypertension
j) Urinary bladder : cystitis, carcinoma
k) Urinary Tract Tuberculosis
l) Urolithiasis and Obstructive Uropathy
m) Renal Malformations : Polycystic kidneys
4. Pathology of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract
a) Oral Pathology : Leukoplakia; Carcinoma oral Cavity and Esophagus
b) Salivary gland tumors : Mixed, Adenoid cystic, warthin’s
c) Peptic ulcer : etiopathogenesis and complications; gastritis: types
d) Tumors of stomach : Benign; Polyp, Leiomyoma, Malignant; Adenocarcinoma, Lymphoma
e) Inflammatory diseases of small intestine : Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Crohn’s, Appendictis
f) Inflammatory diseases of appendix and large intestine : Amoebic colitis, Bacillary dysentery, Ulcerative Colitis
g) Ischemic and Pseudomembranous enterocolitis, diverticulosis
h) Malabsorption : Celiac disease, Trophical sprue and other causes
i) Tumours and Tumor like condition of the large and small intestine : Polyps, Carcinoid, Carcinoma, Lymphoma
j) Pancreatitis
k) Pancreatic tumors : Endocrine, Exocrine and periampullary
5. Hematopathology
a) Constituents of blood and bone marrow, Regulation of hematopoiesis
b) Anaemia : classification and clinical features; clinical and lab. approach to diagnosis
c) Nutritional anaemias : Iron deficiency anaemia, Folic Acid/Vit B 12 deficiency anaemia including
pernicious anaemia
d) Hemolytic Anaemias : Classification and investigiation
e) Hereditary hemolytic anaemias : Thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia
f) Hereditary hemolytic anaemias : hereditary spherocytosis, G-6-PD deficiency
g) Acquired hemolytic anaemias
h) Hemolytic Anaemias : Autoimmune, Alloimmune, Drug induced Microangiopathic and Malaria
i) Aplastic Anaemia, PNH and Myelodysplastic syndrome
j) Hemostatic disorders : Platelet deficiency; ITP, Drug induced, secondary
k) Coagulopathies : Coagulation factor deficiency; hemophilia, DIC and anticoagulant control
l) Leukocytic disorders : Leukocytosis, leukopenia, leukemoid reaction
m) Acute and chronic Leukemia : Classification, Diagnosis
n) Myeloproliferative disorders : Polycythemia, Myelofibrosis
o) Multiple myeloma and dysproteinemias
p) Blood transfusion : grouping and cross matching, untoward reactions, transmissible infections including HIV and hepatitis
6. Liver and Biliary Tract Pathology
a) Jaundice : Types, Pathogenesis and Differentiation
b) Hepatitis : Acute and Chronic, Etiology, Pathogenesis and Pathology
c) Cirrhosis: Etiology, Postnecrotic, Alcoholic, Metabolic, Pathology, Morphology (Macronodular, Micronodular, Mixed), complications
d) Portal Hypertension : Types including non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis and Manifestations
e) Tumors of Liver : hepatocellular and metastatic carcinoma, tumor markers
f) Concept of hepatocellular failure
g) Diseases of the gall bladder : Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, Carcinoma
7. Lymphoreticular System
a) Lymphadenitis : nonspecific, Granulomatous
b) Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas : Classification, Morphology
c) Diseases of the spleen : Splenomegaly causes and effects
d) Thymus : Dysgenesis, Atrophy, Hyperplasia, Neoplasia
8. Reproductive System
a) Diseases of cervix : cervicitis, cervical carcinoma, etiology, types and cytologic diagnosis
b) Hormonal influences and histological appearances of different phases of menstrual cycle and the abnormalities associated with it
c) Diseases of uterus : endometritis, endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, adenomyosis, smooth muscle tumors
d) Trophoblastic disease : Hydatidiform mole, Choriocarcinoma
e) Diseases of the breast : Mastitis, abscess, Fibrocystic disease, Neoplastic lesions : Fibroadenoma, Carcinoma, Phyllodes tumor
f) Prostate : Nodular Hyperplasia and Carcinoma
g) Ovarian and testicular tumors
h) Carcinoma of penis
i) Pelvic inflammatory diseases including salpingitis
j) Genital Tuberculosis
9. Osteopathology
a) Bone – general considerations, reactions to injury and healing of fractures
b) Osteomyelitis : Acute, Chronic, Tuberculous, Mycetoma
c) Metabolic diseases : Rickets/Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Hyperparathyroidisism
d) Tumors : Primary, Osteosarcoma, Osteoclastoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma, Chondrosarcoma; Metastatic
e) Arthritis : Rheumatoid, Osteo and tuberculous
10. Endocrine Pathology
a) Scope of endocrine control and investigations
b) Diabetes Mellitus : Types, Pathogenesis, pathology
c) Nonneoplastic lesions of thyroid : Iodine deficiency goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, myxedema
d) Tumors of thyroid – adenoma, carcinoma : Papillary, Follicular, Medullary, Anaplastic
e) Adrenal diseases : Cortical hyperplasia, atrophy, tuberculosis, tumors of cortex and medulla
f) Parathyroid hyperplasia and tumors and Hyperparathyroidism
g) Pituitary tumors
h) Multiple endocrine neoplasia
11. Neuropathology
a) Structural Organization, specific cell types, and reaction patterns
b) Inflammatory disorders : Pyogenic and tuberculous meningitis, brain abscess, tuberculoma
c) CNS tumors – primary : glioma and meningioma (excluding histopathology) and metastatic
d) CSF and its disturbances : cerebral edema, raised intracranial pressure
e) Cerebrovascular diseases : Atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, aneurysm, Hypoxia, Infarction and Hemorrhage
f) Peripheral neuropathies and demyelnating disorders
g) Diseases of muscles
h) Traumatic lesions of CNS
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PHARMACOLOGY
(A) General Pharmacology
a) Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs, routes of drug administration
b) Basic principles of drug action
c) Adverse reactions to drugs
d) Factors modifying drug response
(B) Autonomic nervous system & Peripheral nervous system
a) Neurohumoral transmission
b) Sympathetic nervous system - sympathomimetics, sympatholytics
c) Parasympathetic - Cholinergics, Anticholinergics, Ganglion stimulants and blockers
d) Skeletal muscle relaxants
e) Local anaesthetics
(C) Central nervous system
a) General principles - neurotransmitters, definition and common transmitters
b) Drug therapy of various CNS disorders like epilepsy, depression, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, neuro- degeneration etc.
c) Pharmacotherapy of pain
d) General anaethetics
e) Drugs for arthritides & gout
(D) Autacoids
a) Histamine and antihistaminics
b) Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane and PAF
c) Substance P, bradykinin
(E) Cardiovascular system
a) Drug therapy of hypertension, shock, angina, cardiac arrhythmias
b) Renin angiotensin system
c) Diuretics
d) Coagulants and anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs
e) Hypo-lipidemics
(F) Gastrointestinal and respiratory system
a) Emetics and antiemetics
b) Drugs for constipation and diarrhoea
c) Drug treatment of peptic ulcer
d) Drug therapy of bronchial asthma
e) Pharmacotherapy of cough
(G) Hormones
a) Reproductive hormones - testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, contraceptives
b) Drug therapy of Diabetes
c) Thyroid hormones
d) Pituitary-hypothalamic axis
e) Corticosteroids
f) Oxytocin and drugs acting on uterus
g) Drugs affecting calcium balance
(H) Chemotherapy
a) General principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy, rational use of antibiotics
b) Chemotherapeutic agents - Penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, aminoglycoside, tetracyclines, chloramphericol and polypeptide antibiotics etc.
c) Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, UTI
d) Chemotherapy of parasitic infection
e) Chemotherapy of fungal infections
f) Cancer Chemotherapy
(I) Miscellaneous
a) Immunomodulators
b) Drug therapy of glaucoma and cataract
c) Treatment of poisoning
